For routine surgical hand preparation alcohol-based handrubs are superior to scrubs because they are equally effective but cause less skin irritation, are cheaper, and use less water.

Disadvantages of chlorhexidine-containing disinfectants for surgical hand disinfection: they can provoke allergic reactions, foster antimicrobial resistance, and increase water consumption.

Moist environment under glove caused by sweating. Glove juice may contain resident microorganisms from deeper skin layers that may pass through possible glove punctures during surgical procedures and enter sterile body cavities of the patient with...