To ensure hand disinfection's required success, all hand areas need to be completely covered with the preparation during rubbing. Since the seventies, a sequence of six steps was considered the best rub-in technique to prevent...

Hygienic hand disinfection is defined as rubbing the dry hands with alcohol-based preparations over a time period of 30 seconds. The aim of the procedure is the inactivation of the microorganisms that reached the surface of the skin...

Generally, hand disinfectants based on alcohols possess good skin tolerability. A burning sensation and reddened skin upon contact with alcohol-based hand disinfectants are signs of pre-damaged skin. In these cases, the alcohol can...